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Θέμα: Nitro System...

  1. #1
    Ελαιόψυκτο Μέλος Το avatar του/της free rider
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    Nitro System...

    Poly kairo epsaxna gia tin texnologia nitro...
    lipamai alla oles oi plirofories einai english...


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  3. #3
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  7. #7
    Ελαιόψυκτο Μέλος Το avatar του/της free rider
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    Turbo Basics

    In plain and simple English.


    Don’t you hate tech articles that confuse you more than help you understand the true concepts of things. Tell me if this sounds familiar. You see a tech article in a magazine and are interested in learning about the topic, but after reading it half way through you become frustrated and move on to something else. It’s like the tech article was too technical. All the high tech mumbo jumbo (which is often inaccurate) did not help much either. Well here is my crack at turbo basics, in plain and simple English for the everyday racer who is far from being an engineering graduate and being a turbo techno guru.


    Why do people turbocharge their cars? Why do people drive well over 100 mph when a signs says that the limit is 65? It is simply for the thrill and the rush. For the love and need of SPEED and POWER. Power that is always there at the tip of your toes twenty four hours a day seven days a week. Turbocharging your car can net a 50% increase in horsepower if not more. I’ve seen Honda Civic coupes (which have 125hp stock) double it’s horsepower output by turbocharging. But be warned any plan to increase horsepower over 50% of the stock power will definitely need some bottom end build up and engine management controls. If you are planning to turbocharge your car, here is some advice. Take your time, "do your homework", ask a lot of questions(to the right qualified people), and do it the right way the first time around. Believe me, their is nothing like the power of a turbo and the fun factor drivability is beyond awesome.


    How does it work? Well here is a general bare bones run down of how a turbocharger system works. The engine produces exhaust gases that exit via the exhaust ports of the cylinder head. These exhaust gases flow through turbo manifold ( just like it would through a DC header) into a turbocharger unit. As the exhaust gases enters the turbine housing the velocity of the exhaust gas "spools" (spins) a propeller bladed type wheel called the "turbine wheel". As this turbine wheel begins to spin, it turns and drives a common shaft. This shaft has another propeller type wheel called the "compressor wheel" on the other end. The compressor stage of the turbo begins to suck air in as the "compressor wheel" begins to spool. The "compressor wheel" spools faster and faster and the air becomes "compressed charged air"(it’s like a hair dryer in your engine bay). The faster the wheels spin, the faster the shaft speed, and thus the greater the pressure. From the compressor stage of the turbine the "charged air" exits at a great velocity and makes its way to the intercooler. The intercooler is a huge heat exchanger (which is like a radiator but for air). It cools down the temperature of the "charged air". From the intercooler the air travels to the throttle body and back into the motor. As more air is force fed into the motor, an additional amount of fuel must also be added. The amount of fuel must be proportionate with the amount of air that is supplied to the motor. Bottom line - more air and more fuel equals more power.


    Turbo boost! A turbocharged engine revolves around one central idea and that is boost. Boost is defined as the increase in manifold pressure above atmospheric pressure. Boost is a gauge measurement of turbocharger compressor discharged pressure. So what the hell does that mean? Basically boost is the value (amount) of "charge pressurized air" coming out of the turbocharger. In general the higher the boost, the more air will be force fed to the motor, and more horsepower will be made. Boost is usually measure in PSI (pounds per square inch) or bar (inches in mercury level).


    The basic components

    Turbocharger - The turbocharger is an exhaust driven compressor. It has 3 main housings.
    1- The turbine stage (which drives the compressor stage) is the side connected to the exhaust manifold.
    2- A center section (CHRA) which houses the common "shaft". The center section is also were oil and water flow to keep the temperature of the turbocharger down.
    3- Then there is the compressor stage from which the "charged air" is created and discharged.

    The turbo has two propeller type wheels connected by the common "shaft". The "turbine wheel" and the "compressor wheel" which both spool up to create the "charged air".

    Exhaust manifold - The exhaust manifold holds the turbocharger and mounts it to the motor. The exhaust manifold directs the exhaust gases from the exhaust ports to the turbocharger inlet. It is typically made in cast iron, mild steel, or stainless steel.

    Down pipe - the down pipe is connected to the side of the turbine stage of the turbocharger and it directs all exhaust gases from the housing into the exhaust system. When turbocharging a car, it is often a rule of thumb to run the least restrictive type of exhaust available to keep back pressure to a minimum.

    Intercooler - the intercooler is a giant heat exchanger that cools down the temperature of the "charged air". Usually when "charged air" is created it is very very hot, so it must be cooled down. The colder the air (making the air more dense) is when it enters the motor, the easier it will combust and at most times the more power it will make. Not all turbo systems use intercoolers but it is always better to have one.

    Blow-off valve - a blow off valve is a spring loaded valve usually placed on the pipe between the intercooler and throttle body and it is used to prevent "compressor surge". Basically it helps the turbocharger unit last longer and increase responsiveness. Blow-off valves give off a distinct yet impressive hissing sound. It’s the sound that screams "I’m turbo and if your not, than you better think twice before you try to run me!!!"

    High flow fuel pump - At many times the stock fuel pump cannot supply ample fuel that a turbocharged engine needs. For this reason a high flow fuel pump must be added. What this does is raise the fuel pressure so when the additional fuel is needed the capacity for it is there.

    Boost dependent fuel regulator - As we stated before as the more air goes into the motor the more fuel is needed. A boost dependent fuel regulator regulates the amount of fuel that goes to the injectors. As the turbo begins to spool, boost pressure builds up and as the boost pressure increases the boost dependent fuel regulator pushes more fuel to the injectors which is sprayed into the motor.

    Wastegate - The wastegate primarily controls boost pressure. It is an exhaust by pass valve that opens and closes to let out or keep exhaust gases. It maintains the turbocharger’s shaft speed by this open and close action. When it opens exhaust gases leave via the downpipe and then through the exhaust system thus the shaft speed is slowed down. When it stays shut the exhaust gases increase shaft speed by spooling the turbine wheel.


    Caution
    As stated before any increase of horsepower output over 50% will most probably require bottom end build up and fuel and engine management controls. If you plan to turbocharge your vehicle, be sure to get all the necessary parts or you’ll be towing your ride home real quick. Air filters are important. They help keep dirt and other things out of a turbo, so be sure to have one. Also maintain a clean oil supply. This means that you will have to change oil more often but it will help for durability sake.

    Well that about sums it up. I hope that I have helped you understand some of the basics of turbochargers. The only thing left to do is for you is to go out and experience the thrill. It’s like jumping in your very own roller coaster ride. The fun factor drivability exceeds a 10+ (on a 1-10 rating scale). Don’t take my word for it. Get out there and experience BOOST. Your life may never be the same.
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  8. #8
    Ελαιόψυκτο Μέλος Το avatar του/της free rider
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    Torque and Horsepower

    There's been a certain amount of discussion, in this and other files, about the concepts of horsepower and torque, how they relate to each other, and how they apply in terms of automobile performance. I have observed that, although nearly everyone participating has a passion for automobiles, there is a huge variance in knowledge. It's clear that a bunch of folks have strong opinions (about this topic, and other things), but that has generally led to more heat than light, if you get my drift :-). I've posted a subset of this note in another string, but felt it deserved to be dealt with as a separate topic. This is meant to be a primer on the subject, which may lead to serious discussion that fleshes out this and other subtopics that will inevitably need to be addressed.

    OK. Here's the deal, in moderately plain english.
    Force, Work and Time

    If you have a one pound weight bolted to the floor, and try to lift it with one pound of force (or 10, or 50 pounds), you will have applied force and exerted energy, but no work will have been done. If you unbolt the weight, and apply a force sufficient to lift the weight one foot, then one foot pound of work will have been done. If that event takes a minute to accomplish, then you will be doing work at the rate of one foot pound per minute. If it takes one second to accomplish the task, then work will be done at the rate of 60 foot pounds per minute, and so on.

    In order to apply these measurements to automobiles and their performance (whether you're speaking of torque, horsepower, newton meters, watts, or any other terms), you need to address the three variables of force, work and time.

    Awhile back, a gentleman by the name of Watt (the same gent who did all that neat stuff with steam engines) made some observations, and concluded that the average horse of the time could lift a 550 pound weight one foot in one second, thereby performing work at the rate of 550 foot pounds per second, or 33,000 foot pounds per minute, for an eight hour shift, more or less. He then published those observations, and stated that 33,000 foot pounds per minute of work was equivalent to the power of one horse, or, one horsepower.

    Everybody else said OK. :-)

    For purposes of this discussion, we need to measure units of force from rotating objects such as crankshafts, so we'll use terms which define a *twisting* force, such as foot pounds of torque. A foot pound of torque is the twisting force necessary to support a one pound weight on a weightless horizontal bar, one foot from the fulcrum.

    Now, it's important to understand that nobody on the planet ever actually measures horsepower from a running engine. What we actually measure (on a dynomometer) is torque, expressed in foot pounds (in the U.S.), and then we *calculate* actual horsepower by converting the twisting force of torque into the work units of horsepower.

    Visualize that one pound weight we mentioned, one foot from the fulcrum on its weightless bar. If we rotate that weight for one full revolution against a one pound resistance, we have moved it a total of 6.2832 feet (Pi * a two foot circle), and, incidently, we have done 6.2832 foot pounds of work.

    OK. Remember Watt? He said that 33,000 foot pounds of work per minute was equivalent to one horsepower. If we divide the 6.2832 foot pounds of work we've done per revolution of that weight into 33,000 foot pounds, we come up with the fact that one foot pound of torque at 5252 rpm is equal to 33,000 foot pounds per minute of work, and is the equivalent of one horsepower. If we only move that weight at the rate of 2626 rpm, it's the equivalent of 1/2 horsepower (16,500 foot pounds per minute), and so on. Therefore, the following formula applies for calculating horsepower from a torque measurement:

    Torque * RPM
    Horsepower = ------------
    5252

    This is not a debatable item. It's the way it's done. Period.
    The Case For Torque

    Now, what does all this mean in carland?

    First of all, from a driver's perspective, torque, to use the vernacular, RULES :-). Any given car, in any given gear, will accelerate at a rate that *exactly* matches its torque curve (allowing for increased air and rolling resistance as speeds climb). Another way of saying this is that a car will accelerate hardest at its torque peak in any given gear, and will not accelerate as hard below that peak, or above it. Torque is the only thing that a driver feels, and horsepower is just sort of an esoteric measurement in that context. 300 foot pounds of torque will accelerate you just as hard at 2000 rpm as it would if you were making that torque at 4000 rpm in the same gear, yet, per the formula, the horsepower would be *double* at 4000 rpm. Therefore, horsepower isn't particularly meaningful from a driver's perspective, and the two numbers only get friendly at 5252 rpm, where horsepower and torque always come out the same.

    In contrast to a torque curve (and the matching pushback into your seat), horsepower rises rapidly with rpm, especially when torque values are also climbing. Horsepower will continue to climb, however, until well past the torque peak, and will continue to rise as engine speed climbs, until the torque curve really begins to plummet, faster than engine rpm is rising. However, as I said, horsepower has nothing to do with what a driver *feels*.

    You don't believe all this?

    Fine. Take your non turbo car (turbo lag muddles the results) to its torque peak in first gear, and punch it. Notice the belt in the back? Now take it to the power peak, and punch it. Notice that the belt in the back is a bit weaker? Fine. Can we go on, now? :-)
    The Case For Horsepower

    OK. If torque is so all-fired important, why do we care about horsepower?

    Because (to quote a friend), "It is better to make torque at high rpm than at low rpm, because you can take advantage of *gearing*.

    For an extreme example of this, I'll leave carland for a moment, and describe a waterwheel I got to watch awhile ago. This was a pretty massive wheel (built a couple of hundred years ago), rotating lazily on a shaft which was connected to the works inside a flour mill. Working some things out from what the people in the mill said, I was able to determine that the wheel typically generated about 2600(!) foot pounds of torque. I had clocked its speed, and determined that it was rotating at about 12 rpm. If we hooked that wheel to, say, the drivewheels of a car, that car would go from zero to twelve rpm in a flash, and the waterwheel would hardly notice :-).

    On the other hand, twelve rpm of the drivewheels is around one mph for the average car, and, in order to go faster, we'd need to gear it up. To get to 60 mph would require gearing the wheel up enough so that it would be effectively making a little over 43 foot pounds of torque at the output, which is not only a relatively small amount, it's less than what the average car would need in order to actually get to 60. Applying the conversion formula gives us the facts on this. Twelve times twenty six hundred, over five thousand two hundred fifty two gives us:

    6 HP.

    Oops. Now we see the rest of the story. While it's clearly true that the water wheel can exert a *bunch* of force, its *power* (ability to do work over time) is severely limited.
    At The Dragstrip

    OK. Back to carland, and some examples of how horsepower makes a major difference in how fast a car can accelerate, in spite of what torque on your backside tells you :-).

    A very good example would be to compare the current LT1 Corvette with the last of the L98 Vettes, built in 1991. Figures as follows:

    Engine Peak HP @ RPM Peak Torque @ RPM
    ------ ------------- -----------------
    L98 250 @ 4000 340 @ 3200
    LT1 300 @ 5000 340 @ 3600

    The cars are geared identically, and car weights are within a few pounds, so it's a good comparison.

    First, each car will push you back in the seat (the fun factor) with the same authority - at least at or near peak torque in each gear. One will tend to *feel* about as fast as the other to the driver, but the LT1 will actually be significantly faster than the L98, even though it won't pull any harder. If we mess about with the formula, we can begin to discover exactly *why* the LT1 is faster. Here's another slice at that formula:

    Horsepower * 5252
    Torque = -----------------
    RPM

    If we plug some numbers in, we can see that the L98 is making 328 foot pounds of torque at its power peak (250 hp @ 4000), and we can infer that it cannot be making any more than 263 pound feet of torque at 5000 rpm, or it would be making more than 250 hp at that engine speed, and would be so rated. In actuality, the L98 is probably making no more than around 210 pound feet or so at 5000 rpm, and anybody who owns one would shift it at around 46-4700 rpm, because more torque is available at the drive wheels in the next gear at that point.
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  9. #9
    Ελαιόψυκτο Μέλος Το avatar του/της free rider
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    On the other hand, the LT1 is fairly happy making 315 pound feet at 5000 rpm, and is happy right up to its mid 5s redline.

    So, in a drag race, the cars would launch more or less together. The L98 might have a slight advantage due to its peak torque occuring a little earlier in the rev range, but that is debatable, since the LT1 has a wider, flatter curve (again pretty much by definition, looking at the figures). From somewhere in the mid range and up, however, the LT1 would begin to pull away. Where the L98 has to shift to second (and throw away torque multiplication for speed), the LT1 still has around another 1000 rpm to go in first, and thus begins to widen its lead, more and more as the speeds climb. As long as the revs are high, the LT1, by definition, has an advantage.

    Another example would be the LT1 against the ZR-1. Same deal, only in reverse. The ZR-1 actually pulls a little harder than the LT1, although its torque advantage is softened somewhat by its extra weight. The real advantage, however, is that the ZR-1 has another 1500 rpm in hand at the point where the LT1 has to shift.

    There are numerous examples of this phenomenon. The Integra GS-R, for instance, is faster than the garden variety Integra, not because it pulls particularly harder (it doesn't), but because it pulls *longer*. It doesn't feel particularly faster, but it is.

    A final example of this requires your imagination. Figure that we can tweak an LT1 engine so that it still makes peak torque of 340 foot pounds at 3600 rpm, but, instead of the curve dropping off to 315 pound feet at 5000, we extend the torque curve so much that it doesn't fall off to 315 pound feet until 15000 rpm. OK, so we'd need to have virtually all the moving parts made out of unobtanium :-), and some sort of turbocharging on demand that would make enough high-rpm boost to keep the curve from falling, but hey, bear with me.

    If you raced a stock LT1 with this car, they would launch together, but, somewhere around the 60 foot point, the stocker would begin to fade, and would have to grab second gear shortly thereafter. Not long after that, you'd see in your mirror that the stocker has grabbed third, and not too long after that, it would get fourth, but you'd wouldn't be able to see that due to the distance between you as you crossed the line, *still in first gear*, and pulling like crazy.

    I've got a computer simulation that models an LT1 Vette in a quarter mile pass, and it predicts a 13.38 second ET, at 104.5 mph. That's pretty close (actually a tiny bit conservative) to what a stock LT1 can do at 100% air density at a high traction drag strip, being powershifted. However, our modified car, while belting the driver in the back no harder than the stocker (at peak torque) does an 11.96, at 135.1 mph, all in first gear, of course. It doesn't pull any harder, but it sure as hell pulls longer :-). It's also making *900* hp, at 15,000 rpm.

    Of course, folks who are knowledgeable about drag racing are now openly snickering, because they've read the preceeding paragraph, and it occurs to them that any self respecting car that can get to 135 mph in a quarter mile will just naturally be doing this in less than ten seconds. Of course that's true, but I remind these same folks that any self-respecting engine that propels a Vette into the nines is also making a whole bunch more than 340 foot pounds of torque.

    That does bring up another point, though. Essentially, a more "real" Corvette running 135 mph in a quarter mile (maybe a mega big block) might be making 700-800 foot pounds of torque, and thus it would pull a whole bunch harder than my paper tiger would. It would need slicks and other modifications in order to turn that torque into forward motion, but it would also get from here to way over there a bunch quicker.

    On the other hand, as long as we're making quarter mile passes with fantasy engines, if we put a 10.35:1 final-drive gear (3.45 is stock) in our fantasy LT1, with slicks and other chassis mods, we'd be in the nines just as easily as the big block would, and thus save face :-). The mechanical advantage of such a nonsensical rear gear would allow our combination to pull just as hard as the big block, plus we'd get to do all that gear banging and such that real racers do, and finish in fourth gear, as God intends. :-)

    The only modification to the preceeding paragraph would be the polar moments of inertia (flywheel effect) argument brought about by such a stiff rear gear, and that argument is outside of the scope of this already massive document. Another time, maybe, if you can stand it :-).
    At The Bonneville Salt Flats

    Looking at top speed, horsepower wins again, in the sense that making more torque at high rpm means you can use a stiffer gear for any given car speed, and thus have more effective torque *at the drive wheels*.

    Finally, operating at the power peak means you are doing the absolute best you can at any given car speed, measuring torque at the drive wheels. I know I said that acceleration follows the torque curve in any given gear, but if you factor in gearing vs car speed, the power peak is *it*. An example, yet again, of the LT1 Vette will illustrate this. If you take it up to its torque peak (3600 rpm) in a gear, it will generate some level of torque (340 foot pounds times whatever overall gearing) at the drive wheels, which is the best it will do in that gear (meaning, that's where it is pulling hardest in that gear).

    However, if you re-gear the car so it is operating at the power peak (5000 rpm) *at the same car speed*, it will deliver more torque to the drive wheels, because you'll need to gear it up by nearly 39% (5000/3600), while engine torque has only dropped by a little over 7% (315/340). You'll net a 29% gain in drive wheel torque at the power peak vs the torque peak, at a given car speed.

    Any other rpm (other than the power peak) at a given car speed will net you a lower torque value at the drive wheels. This would be true of any car on the planet, so, theoretical "best" top speed will always occur when a given vehicle is operating at its power peak.
    "Modernizing" The 18th Century

    OK. For the final-final point (Really. I Promise.), what if we ditched that water wheel, and bolted an LT1 in its place? Now, no LT1 is going to be making over 2600 foot pounds of torque (except possibly for a single, glorious instant, running on nitromethane), but, assuming we needed 12 rpm for an input to the mill, we could run the LT1 at 5000 rpm (where it's making 315 foot pounds of torque), and gear it down to a 12 rpm output. Result? We'd have over *131,000* foot pounds of torque to play with. We could probably twist the whole flour mill around the input shaft, if we needed to :-).
    The Only Thing You Really Need to Know

    Repeat after me. "It is better to make torque at high rpm than at low rpm, because you can take advantage of *gearing*." :-)
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  10. #10
    Εκκολαπτόμενος βρωμιάρης Το avatar του/της johnpan
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    kai poso kanei mazi me tin topo8etisi?
    Δεν είναι η δόξα /
    δεν είναι τα λεφτά /
    είναι του δρόμου η χαρά !

    Το μηχανόβιο άλμπουμ μου



  11. #11
    Ελαιόψυκτο Μέλος Το avatar του/της free rider
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    ενα φιλαρακι κατι ειπε για 1100 eura απο το ebay..

    για τοποθετηση ....

    μαλλον στην power bikes...
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